Monday, July 27, 2009

What is an Array?

An array is a group of related data items that share a common name. Each object in an array is called an array element.

For example, you could have an array of integers or an array of float or an array of characters or an array of anything that has a defined data type.

The important characteristics of an array are:
  • Each element has the same data type but may may have different values.
  • The entire array is stored contiguously in memory.
  • One-dimensional array, Two-dimensional array and multi-dimensional array are the possible array types.

Object-Oriented Programming Language Concepts

Objects:

The basic unit of the object oriented programming is called object. Objects are identified by its unique name. An object represents a particular instance of a class. There can be more than one instance of an object. Each instance of an object can hold its own relevant data. An Object is a collection of data members and associated member functions also known as methods.

Classes:

Classes are data types based on which objects are created. Objects with similar properties and methods are grouped together to form a Class. Thus a Class represents a set of individual objects. Characteristics of an object are represented in a class as Properties. The actions that can be performed by objects become functions of the class and is referred to as Methods.

Inheritance:

Inheritance is the process of creating a new class from an existing class or base class which is also known as parent class or super class, the new class that is derived is called child class. It helps in reducing the overall code size of the program, which is an important concept in object-oriented programming.

Data Abstraction:

Data Abstraction represents the needed information in the program without presenting the details.

Data Encapsulation:

Data Encapsulation combines data and functions into a single unit called Class. When using Data Encapsulation, data is not accessed directly; it is only accessible through the functions present inside the class. Data Encapsulation enables the important concept of data hiding possible.

Polymorphism:

Polymorphism allows routines to use variables of different types at different times. An operator or function can be given different meanings or functions. Polymorphism refers to a single function or multi-functioning operator performing in different ways.

Overloading:

Overloading is one type of Polymorphism. It allows an object to have different meanings, depending on its context. When an exiting operator or function begins to operate on new data type, or class, it is understood to be overloaded.

Reusability:

This term refers to the ability for multiple programmers to use the same written and debugged existing class of data. This is a time saving device and adds code efficiency to the language. Additionally, the programmer can incorporate new features to the existing class, further developing the application and allowing users to achieve increased performance. This time saving feature optimizes code, helps in gaining secured applications and facilitates easier maintenance on the application.

Saturday, July 25, 2009

Key Board Short Cut Keys for Windows Word

Command

©

Key Strokes

Ctrl-Alt-C

®

Ctrl-Alt-R

Ctrl-Alt-T

Application window—maximize

Alt-F10

Application window—previous

Alt-Shift-F6

Application window—restore

Alt-F5

AutoFormat

Ctrl-Alt-K

AutoText—create

Alt-F3

AutoText—insert entry

F3

AutoText—insert entry

Ctrl-Alt-V

Bold

Ctrl-B

Bookmarks

Ctrl-Shift-F5

Break—column

Ctrl-Shift-Enter

Break—page

Ctrl-Enter

Browse a document

Ctrl-Alt-Home

Browse next/previous item

Ctrl-PgDn/PgUp

Case change (capitalization)

Shift-F3

Case—All Caps

Ctrl-Shift-A

Close

Ctrl-F4

Close

Ctrl-W

Copy

Ctrl-C

Copy formatting

Ctrl-Shift-C

Customize a menu

Ctrl-Alt =

Customize a shortcut

Ctrl-Alt-Num +

Cut

Ctrl-X

Date Field

Alt-Shift-D

Dialog box next tabbed section

Ctrl-Tab

Dialog box previous tabbed section

Ctrl-Shift-Tab

Document window—move

Ctrl-F7

Document window—restore

Ctrl-F5

Document window—size

Ctrl-F8

Drawing—constrain shape to symmetrical

Shift-drag

Drawing—draw from center

Ctrl-drag

Ellipsis

Ctrl-Alt- .

Em Dash

Ctrl-Alt-Num -

En Dash

Ctrl-Num -

Endnote

Ctrl-Alt-E

Exit application

Alt-F4

Fields—display code (toggle)

Shift-F9

Fields—display codes (toggle)

Alt-F9

Fields—double-click in field

Alt-Shift-F9

Fields—insert blank field

Ctrl-F9

Fields—lock a field

Ctrl-3

Fields—lock a field

Ctrl-F11

Fields—next field

F11

Fields—previous field

Shift-F11

Fields—unlink a field

Ctrl-6

Fields—unlink a field

Ctrl-Shift-F9

Fields—unlock a field

Ctrl-4

Fields—unlock a field

Ctrl-Shift-F11

Fields—update

Alt-Shift-U

Fields—update link in source

Ctrl-Shift-F7

Fields—update selected field

F9

Find

Ctrl-F

Font

Ctrl-D

Font Face

Ctrl-Shift-F

Font grow/shrink 1 pt.

Ctrl- ] or [

Font next/previous size

Ctrl-Shift- >or <

Font Size

Ctrl-Shift-P

Footnote

Ctrl-Alt-F

Go Back (3 maximum)Shift-F5

Go Back (3 maximum)

Ctrl-Alt-Z

GoTo

Ctrl-G

GoTo Next/Previous Paragraph

Ctrl-Up/Down

GoTo Next/Previous Word

Ctrl-Left/Right

Graphic—crop

Shift-drag

Graphic—original proportions

Ctrl-click

Hanging indent—decrease

Ctrl-Shift-T

Hanging Indent—increase

Ctrl-T

Hard hyphen -

Ctrl-Shift -

Hard space

Ctrl-Shift-spacebar

Header/Footer—link to previous

Alt-Shift-R

Heading Level 1

Ctrl-Alt-1

Heading Level 2

Ctrl-Alt-2

Heading Level 3

Ctrl-Alt-3

Help

F1

Help—What’s This?

Shift-F1

Hidden text

Ctrl-Shift-H

Hyperlink

Ctrl-K

Indent—decrease

Ctrl-Shift-M

Indent—increase

Ctrl-M

Insert Comment

Ctrl-Alt-M

Insert ListNum field

Ctrl-Alt-L

Italics

Ctrl-I

Justify—Center

Ctrl-E

Justify—Full

Ctrl-J

Justify—Left

Ctrl-L

Justify—Right

Ctrl-R

Line-spacing 1

Ctrl-1

Line-spacing 1.5

Ctrl-5

Line-spacing 2

Ctrl-2

List Bullet Style

Ctrl-Shift-L

Macros—edit

Alt-F8

Macros—view VBA code

Alt-F11

Mark—Index entry

Alt-Shift-X

Mark—TOA citation

Alt-Shift-I

Mark—TOC entry

Alt-Shift-O

Maximize window

Ctrl-F10

Menu Bar

F10

Merge—data edit

Alt-Shift-E

Merge—field insert

Alt-Shift-F

Merge—preview

Alt-Shift-K

Merge—to document

Alt-Shift-N

Merge—to printer

Alt-Shift-M

Microsoft Script Editor

Alt-Shift-F11

Microsoft System Info

Ctrl-Alt-F1

Move between master/subdocument

Ctrl-\

New document

Ctrl-N

Newline within paragraph

Shift-Enter

Next window

Ctrl-F6

Nonprinting characters on/off

Ctrl-Shift-8

Normal Style

Ctrl-Shift-N

Open a document

Ctrl-O

Outlining—collapse

Alt-Shift -

Outlining—collapse

Alt-Shift-Num -

Outlining—expand

Alt-Shift =

Outlining—expand

Alt-Shift-Num +

Outlining—move up/down

Alt-Shift-Up/Down

Outlining—promote/demote

Alt-Shift-Left/Right

Outlining—Show 1st line

Alt-Shift-L

Outlining—Show Heading 1

Alt-Shift-1

Outlining—Show Heading 2

Alt-Shift-2

Outlining—Show Heading 3

Alt-Shift-3

Outlining—Show Heading 4

Alt-Shift-4

Outlining—Show Heading 5

Alt-Shift-5

Outlining—Show Heading 6

Alt-Shift-6

Outlining—Show Heading 7

Alt-Shift-7

Outlining—Show Heading 8

Alt-Shift-8

Outlining—Show Heading 9

Alt-Shift-9

Outlining—Show All HeadingsAlt-Shift-A

Page number field

Alt-Shift-P

Pane—Close

Alt-Shift-C

Paragraph Space Above (add/delete 12 pt.)Ctrl-0 (zero)

Paste

Ctrl-V

Paste formatting

Ctrl-Shift-V

Print

Ctrl-P

Print Preview

Ctrl-Alt-I

Remove Character formatsCtrl-spacebar

Remove Character formats

Ctrl-Shift-Z

Remove menu item

Ctrl-Alt -

Remove Paragraph formats

Ctrl-Q

Repeat FindShift-F4

Repeat Find

Ctrl-Alt-Y

Repeat/Redo

Ctrl-Y

Replace

Ctrl-H

Revision Marks on/off

Ctrl-Shift-E

Save

Ctrl-S

Save AsF12

Select All

Ctrl-A

Selection extended

F8

Selection reduced

Shift-F8

Shortcut Menu

Shift-F10

Small Caps

Ctrl-Shift-K

Soft hyphen -

Ctrl -

Spelling and Grammar check

F7

Spell-It—display next misspelling

Alt-F7

Spike—cut to

Ctrl-F3

Spike—paste

Ctrl-Shift-F3

Split a window

Ctrl-Alt-S

Style box

Ctrl-Shift-S

Subscript

Ctrl =

Superscript

Ctrl-Shift =

Symbol Font

Ctrl-Shift-Q

Table—remove border lines

Ctrl-Alt-U

Table—to column bottom

Alt-PgDn

Table—to column top

Alt-PgUp

Table—to row beginning

Alt-Home

Table—to row end

Alt-End

Thesaurus

Shift-F7

Time Field

Alt-Shift-T

To bottom/top of screen

Ctrl-Alt-PgDn/PgUp

Underline

Ctrl-U

Underline—double

Ctrl-Shift-D

Underline—word

Ctrl-Shift-W

Undo

Ctrl-Z

View—Normal

Ctrl-Alt-N

View—Outline

Ctrl-Alt-O

View—Page

Ctrl-Alt-P

Window pane—next

F6

Window pane—previous

Shift-F6

Types of Yoga

Bhakti Yoga - on the love and devotion to the Almighty. The individual performing this type of Yoga concentrates on the existence of Almighty. He/she learns to show love, compassion to the creatures co-existing with him/her, apart from keenly worshipping the Lord. Bhakti Yoga can be practiced in a number of ways, such as praising the God by singing, chanting slogans, reading religious books, listening to prayers and by watching religious movies.

Hatha Yoga - founded by Yogi Swatmarama in the 15th century in India. This type of Yoga is all about the combination of two extremes - 'ha' (the Sun, regarded as the positive current) and 'tha' (the Moon, regarded as the negative current). It involves the performance of physical postures (Asanas), breathing exercises (Pranayams), meditation, mudras and purification procedures known as 'Shatkriyas'.

Jnana Yoga - The Yoga of true knowledge, Jnana Yoga aims to detach the person performing it, from all the temporary things of the life. The person doing it attains tranquility, control over his/her mind, sense, faith, ability for concentration and the endurance to withstand the play of opposites by Mother Nature. By practising Jnana Yoga, the individual stays single-minded in all situations and attains self-control.

Karma Yoga - As the name suggests, Karma Yoga is the dedication of all the actions (karma) and their fruits to the Almighty. This type of Yoga purifies one's heart, and helps attain the knowledge of one's own self. The aim of a Karma Yogic (one, who performs Karma Yoga) is to provide selfless service to the poor and the needy, without expecting money, fame, power, respect and honor in return of the service.

Kundalini Yoga - aims at drawing the untapped energy (Kundalini), coiled at the base of the spine, by using a set of technique that uses the person's mind, senses and body. Apart from the physical postures (Asanas), the person performs meditation, chants mantras in order to awaken each of the seven chakras of the body. The Asanas are coordinated with the hold of breath control.

Mantra Yoga - the name suggests, makes use of mantras to attain a peace of mind and increase the concentration power. The mantras are chanted by the person in a thoughtful way, in order to attain certain goals. Mantra Yoga helps eliminate a number of disorders, including psychosomatic ailments and the problems of anxiety, stress and tension. It boosts the person's self-confidence as well.

Purna Yoga - known as integral Yoga, Purna Yoga offers wisdom and techniques for the unison of the body, mind and soul. It emphasizes the Karma of your everyday life. It involves meditation, pranayams and the performance of alignment-based Asanas. Purna Yoga is an improvisation of the traditional systems of Yoga.

Raj Yoga - is the best way for the complete and holistic healing of one's mind and soul. This type of Yoga helps a person to alleviates himself/herself from the emotional and mental conflicts. Also called Astanga or eight-limbed Yoga, Raj Yoga helps the person to be in harmony with the co-existing creatures and the environment.

Source: http://yoga.iloveindia.com/yoga-types/index.html