What is an Array?

An array is a group of related data items that share a common name. Each object in an array is called an array element.

For example, you could have an array of integers or an array of float or an array of characters or an array of anything that has a defined data type.

The important characteristics of an array are:

• Each element has the same data type but may may have different values.
• The entire array is stored contiguously in memory.
• One-dimensional array, Two-dimensional array and multi-dimensional array are the possible array types.

Object-Oriented Programming Language Concepts

Objects:

The basic unit of the object oriented programming is called object. Objects are identified by its unique name. An object represents a particular instance of a class. There can be more than one instance of an object. Each instance of an object can hold its own relevant data. An Object is a collection of data members and associated member functions also known as methods.

Classes:

Classes are data types based on which objects are created. Objects with similar properties and methods are grouped together to form a Class. Thus a Class represents a set of individual objects. Characteristics of an object are represented in a class as Properties. The actions that can be performed by objects become functions of the class and is referred to as Methods.

Inheritance:

Inheritance is the process of creating a new class from an existing class or base class which is also known as parent class or super class, the new class that is derived is called child class. It helps in reducing the overall code size of the program, which is an important concept in object-oriented programming.

Data Abstraction:

Data Abstraction represents the needed information in the program without presenting the details.

Data Encapsulation:

Data Encapsulation combines data and functions into a single unit called Class. When using Data Encapsulation, data is not accessed directly; it is only accessible through the functions present inside the class. Data Encapsulation enables the important concept of data hiding possible.

Polymorphism:

Polymorphism allows routines to use variables of different types at different times. An operator or function can be given different meanings or functions. Polymorphism refers to a single function or multi-functioning operator performing in different ways.

Overloading:

Overloading is one type of Polymorphism. It allows an object to have different meanings, depending on its context. When an exiting operator or function begins to operate on new data type, or class, it is understood to be overloaded.

Reusability:

This term refers to the ability for multiple programmers to use the same written and debugged existing class of data. This is a time saving device and adds code efficiency to the language. Additionally, the programmer can incorporate new features to the existing class, further developing the application and allowing users to achieve increased performance. This time saving feature optimizes code, helps in gaining secured applications and facilitates easier maintenance on the application.

Key Board Short Cut Keys for Windows Word

Command ©	Key Strokes Ctrl-Alt-C
®	Ctrl-Alt-R
™	Ctrl-Alt-T
Application window—maximize	Alt-F10
Application window—previous	Alt-Shift-F6
Application window—restore	Alt-F5
AutoFormat	Ctrl-Alt-K
AutoText—create	Alt-F3
AutoText—insert entry	F3
AutoText—insert entry	Ctrl-Alt-V
Bold	Ctrl-B
Bookmarks	Ctrl-Shift-F5
Break—column	Ctrl-Shift-Enter
Break—page	Ctrl-Enter
Browse a document	Ctrl-Alt-Home
Browse next/previous item	Ctrl-PgDn/PgUp
Case change (capitalization)	Shift-F3
Case—All Caps	Ctrl-Shift-A
Close	Ctrl-F4
Close	Ctrl-W
Copy	Ctrl-C
Copy formatting	Ctrl-Shift-C
Customize a menu	Ctrl-Alt =
Customize a shortcut	Ctrl-Alt-Num +
Cut	Ctrl-X
Date Field	Alt-Shift-D
Dialog box next tabbed section	Ctrl-Tab
Dialog box previous tabbed section	Ctrl-Shift-Tab
Document window—move	Ctrl-F7
Document window—restore	Ctrl-F5
Document window—size	Ctrl-F8
Drawing—constrain shape to symmetrical	Shift-drag
Drawing—draw from center	Ctrl-drag
Ellipsis	Ctrl-Alt- .
Em Dash	Ctrl-Alt-Num -
En Dash	Ctrl-Num -
Endnote	Ctrl-Alt-E
Exit application	Alt-F4
Fields—display code (toggle)	Shift-F9
Fields—display codes (toggle)	Alt-F9
Fields—double-click in field	Alt-Shift-F9
Fields—insert blank field	Ctrl-F9
Fields—lock a field	Ctrl-3
Fields—lock a field	Ctrl-F11
Fields—next field	F11
Fields—previous field	Shift-F11
Fields—unlink a field	Ctrl-6
Fields—unlink a field	Ctrl-Shift-F9
Fields—unlock a field	Ctrl-4
Fields—unlock a field	Ctrl-Shift-F11
Fields—update	Alt-Shift-U
Fields—update link in source	Ctrl-Shift-F7
Fields—update selected field	F9
Find	Ctrl-F
Font	Ctrl-D
Font Face	Ctrl-Shift-F
Font grow/shrink 1 pt.	Ctrl- ] or [
Font next/previous size	Ctrl-Shift- >or <
Font Size	Ctrl-Shift-P
Footnote	Ctrl-Alt-F
Go Back (3 maximum)	Shift-F5
Go Back (3 maximum)	Ctrl-Alt-Z
GoTo	Ctrl-G
GoTo Next/Previous Paragraph	Ctrl-Up/Down
GoTo Next/Previous Word	Ctrl-Left/Right
Graphic—crop	Shift-drag
Graphic—original proportions	Ctrl-click
Hanging indent—decrease	Ctrl-Shift-T
Hanging Indent—increase	Ctrl-T
Hard hyphen -	Ctrl-Shift -
Hard space	Ctrl-Shift-spacebar
Header/Footer—link to previous	Alt-Shift-R
Heading Level 1	Ctrl-Alt-1
Heading Level 2	Ctrl-Alt-2
Heading Level 3	Ctrl-Alt-3
Help	F1
Help—What’s This?	Shift-F1
Hidden text	Ctrl-Shift-H
Hyperlink	Ctrl-K
Indent—decrease	Ctrl-Shift-M
Indent—increase	Ctrl-M
Insert Comment	Ctrl-Alt-M
Insert ListNum field	Ctrl-Alt-L
Italics	Ctrl-I
Justify—Center	Ctrl-E
Justify—Full	Ctrl-J
Justify—Left	Ctrl-L
Justify—Right	Ctrl-R
Line-spacing 1	Ctrl-1
Line-spacing 1.5	Ctrl-5
Line-spacing 2	Ctrl-2
List Bullet Style	Ctrl-Shift-L
Macros—edit	Alt-F8
Macros—view VBA code	Alt-F11
Mark—Index entry	Alt-Shift-X
Mark—TOA citation	Alt-Shift-I
Mark—TOC entry	Alt-Shift-O
Maximize window	Ctrl-F10
Menu Bar	F10
Merge—data edit	Alt-Shift-E
Merge—field insert	Alt-Shift-F
Merge—preview	Alt-Shift-K
Merge—to document	Alt-Shift-N
Merge—to printer	Alt-Shift-M
Microsoft Script Editor	Alt-Shift-F11
Microsoft System Info	Ctrl-Alt-F1
Move between master/subdocument	Ctrl-\
New document	Ctrl-N
Newline within paragraph	Shift-Enter
Next window	Ctrl-F6
Nonprinting characters on/off	Ctrl-Shift-8
Normal Style	Ctrl-Shift-N
Open a document	Ctrl-O
Outlining—collapse	Alt-Shift -
Outlining—collapse	Alt-Shift-Num -
Outlining—expand	Alt-Shift =
Outlining—expand	Alt-Shift-Num +
Outlining—move up/down	Alt-Shift-Up/Down
Outlining—promote/demote	Alt-Shift-Left/Right
Outlining—Show 1st line	Alt-Shift-L
Outlining—Show Heading 1	Alt-Shift-1
Outlining—Show Heading 2	Alt-Shift-2
Outlining—Show Heading 3	Alt-Shift-3
Outlining—Show Heading 4	Alt-Shift-4
Outlining—Show Heading 5	Alt-Shift-5
Outlining—Show Heading 6	Alt-Shift-6
Outlining—Show Heading 7	Alt-Shift-7
Outlining—Show Heading 8	Alt-Shift-8
Outlining—Show Heading 9	Alt-Shift-9
Outlining—Show All Headings	Alt-Shift-A
Page number field	Alt-Shift-P
Pane—Close	Alt-Shift-C
Paragraph Space Above (add/delete 12 pt.)	Ctrl-0 (zero)
Paste	Ctrl-V
Paste formatting	Ctrl-Shift-V
Print	Ctrl-P
Print Preview	Ctrl-Alt-I
Remove Character formats	Ctrl-spacebar
Remove Character formats	Ctrl-Shift-Z
Remove menu item	Ctrl-Alt -
Remove Paragraph formats	Ctrl-Q
Repeat Find	Shift-F4
Repeat Find	Ctrl-Alt-Y
Repeat/Redo	Ctrl-Y
Replace	Ctrl-H
Revision Marks on/off	Ctrl-Shift-E
Save	Ctrl-S
Save As	F12
Select All	Ctrl-A
Selection extended	F8
Selection reduced	Shift-F8
Shortcut Menu	Shift-F10
Small Caps	Ctrl-Shift-K
Soft hyphen -	Ctrl -
Spelling and Grammar check	F7
Spell-It—display next misspelling	Alt-F7
Spike—cut to	Ctrl-F3
Spike—paste	Ctrl-Shift-F3
Split a window	Ctrl-Alt-S
Style box	Ctrl-Shift-S
Subscript	Ctrl =
Superscript	Ctrl-Shift =
Symbol Font	Ctrl-Shift-Q
Table—remove border lines	Ctrl-Alt-U
Table—to column bottom	Alt-PgDn
Table—to column top	Alt-PgUp
Table—to row beginning	Alt-Home
Table—to row end	Alt-End
Thesaurus	Shift-F7
Time Field	Alt-Shift-T
To bottom/top of screen	Ctrl-Alt-PgDn/PgUp
Underline	Ctrl-U
Underline—double	Ctrl-Shift-D
Underline—word	Ctrl-Shift-W
Undo	Ctrl-Z
View—Normal	Ctrl-Alt-N
View—Outline	Ctrl-Alt-O
View—Page	Ctrl-Alt-P
Window pane—next	F6
Window pane—previous	Shift-F6

Types of Yoga

Bhakti Yoga - on the love and devotion to the Almighty. The individual performing this type of Yoga concentrates on the existence of Almighty. He/she learns to show love, compassion to the creatures co-existing with him/her, apart from keenly worshipping the Lord. Bhakti Yoga can be practiced in a number of ways, such as praising the God by singing, chanting slogans, reading religious books, listening to prayers and by watching religious movies.

Hatha Yoga - founded by Yogi Swatmarama in the 15th century in India. This type of Yoga is all about the combination of two extremes - 'ha' (the Sun, regarded as the positive current) and 'tha' (the Moon, regarded as the negative current). It involves the performance of physical postures (Asanas), breathing exercises (Pranayams), meditation, mudras and purification procedures known as 'Shatkriyas'.

Jnana Yoga - The Yoga of true knowledge, Jnana Yoga aims to detach the person performing it, from all the temporary things of the life. The person doing it attains tranquility, control over his/her mind, sense, faith, ability for concentration and the endurance to withstand the play of opposites by Mother Nature. By practising Jnana Yoga, the individual stays single-minded in all situations and attains self-control.

Karma Yoga - As the name suggests, Karma Yoga is the dedication of all the actions (karma) and their fruits to the Almighty. This type of Yoga purifies one's heart, and helps attain the knowledge of one's own self. The aim of a Karma Yogic (one, who performs Karma Yoga) is to provide selfless service to the poor and the needy, without expecting money, fame, power, respect and honor in return of the service.

Kundalini Yoga - aims at drawing the untapped energy (Kundalini), coiled at the base of the spine, by using a set of technique that uses the person's mind, senses and body. Apart from the physical postures (Asanas), the person performs meditation, chants mantras in order to awaken each of the seven chakras of the body. The Asanas are coordinated with the hold of breath control.

Mantra Yoga - the name suggests, makes use of mantras to attain a peace of mind and increase the concentration power. The mantras are chanted by the person in a thoughtful way, in order to attain certain goals. Mantra Yoga helps eliminate a number of disorders, including psychosomatic ailments and the problems of anxiety, stress and tension. It boosts the person's self-confidence as well.

Purna Yoga - known as integral Yoga, Purna Yoga offers wisdom and techniques for the unison of the body, mind and soul. It emphasizes the Karma of your everyday life. It involves meditation, pranayams and the performance of alignment-based Asanas. Purna Yoga is an improvisation of the traditional systems of Yoga.

Raj Yoga - is the best way for the complete and holistic healing of one's mind and soul. This type of Yoga helps a person to alleviates himself/herself from the emotional and mental conflicts. Also called Astanga or eight-limbed Yoga, Raj Yoga helps the person to be in harmony with the co-existing creatures and the environment.

Source: http://yoga.iloveindia.com/yoga-types/index.html

How to disable the "Turn Off Computer" button in windows XP?

Today tip is very useful particularly for those users who want to restrict the common users to shutdown public computer in common areas. You can disable the "Turn off Computer" button on the start menu and a common user will not "Turn Off, Restart and Stand By" a computer. Using registry editor, you can implement this task in all windows XP versions with minimum effort.

Follow the given steps to disable Turn off Computer" button on the start menu:

To use this feature, you will need to be logged into your computer with administrative rights.

Click Start button and type regedit in Run option then press Enter for next.

Here locate the location to:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer

Here in right side panel, right click to create a new DWORD value with the name NoClose.

Now assign number 1 in value data box and close the registry editor.

Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.
But next time, if you want to enable "Turn Off Computer" button on start menu then simply change the value of data box to 0 or delete NoClose DWORD item.

Kingston's huge 256GB USB stick

Kingston's DataTraveler 300 is the "world's biggest" USB flash drive; it just launched in Europe. In IT Blogwatch, bloggers boggle over the size of the thing -- and at its insane price.

Amazon to buy Zappos.com for $847 million

IDG News Service - Amazon.com will buy online shoe and apparel retailer Zappos.com for US$847 million in cash and stock, the companies announced Wednesday.

Zappos.com, which focuses on delivering good customer service, offers more than 2.8 million products for sale, including shoes, jewelry, housewares, backpacks and clothing. Launched in 1999, the company had more than $1 billion in sales in 2008, according to its Web site.

Under the terms of the agreement, Amazon will acquire all outstanding shares and assume all outstanding options of Zappos in exchange for approximately 10 million shares of Amazon common stock. Those Zappos shares are worth about $807 million. In addition, Amazon will give Zappos employees about $40 million in case and restricted stock.

The companies expect the deal to close late this year.

After the acquisition, the Zappos management team will remain intact and Zappos will operate independently out of its Las Vegas headquarters, Amazon said in a press release.

The deal will give the two companies a "huge opportunity to utilize each other’s strengths and move even faster towards our vision of delivering happiness to customers, employees and vendors,” Tony Hsieh, CEO of Zappos, said in a statement.

Source: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9135828/Amazon_to_buy_Zappos.com_for_847_million?source=CTWNLE_nlt_networking_2009-07-23

Permanent Redirect To New Website

Just moved your previous website into the new one? How do you inform your site visitors and search engines (keeps page ranks, hopefully) about your site’s new location? Go through the further steps given below.…

301 permanent redirect and URL rewrite is the answer.

Just modify the .htaccess file in the root directory of oldsite.com to the following:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^oldsite.com$ [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.oldsite.com$ [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^weblog.oldsite.com$ [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.subdomain.oldsite.com$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.newsite.com/ [L,R=301]

Note: This will do a permanent redirection on both domain (oldsite.com) and subdomain(subdomain.oldsite.com) to http://www.newsite.com

Now, user will redirect (seamlessly) to your new website, on every old links they follow. Search engine will also follow the old site links to your new site. Never lost your site visitor again!